《中国环境管理：政策与制度》（Environmental Management in China：Policies and Institutions）以英文形式全面系统总结了中国当代环境管理政策与制度的发展历程，生动展现真实、立体的中国环境管理全貌，为推动一带一路绿色发展传播中国声音。全书共19章，第1章是环境管理行政管理的演化；第2章阐述了环境管理指导思想的产生和发展；第3章至第16章介绍我国主要环境管理政策与制度的发展历程、特点及其成效，包括环境规划制度、环境影响评价制度、三同时制度、排污收费和环境保护税制度、环境保护目标责任制、排污许可制度、污染集中控制、总量控制制度、公众参与制度与环境信息公开制度、生态保护红线制度、区域联防联控、生态环境损害赔偿制度、清洁生产制度、生态补偿制度等；从第17章到第19章，介绍了我国环境保护在大气、水和土壤方面的重要任务。最后给出了主要法律、法规、条例、措施等的中英文对照表，以供参考。
本书可供高等院校环境专业作为教材使用，还可供从事环境保护、环境管理等领域的科研人员阅读参考。
吴婧，南开大学环境科学与工程学院，教授。现任南开大学战略环境评价研究中心副主任，从事环境政策、环境规划与管理、环境评价方面的教学、培训与科研工作。兼任南开大学联合国教科文组织（UNISPAR/UNESCO）环境管理教席秘书，香港中文大学中国环境战略研究中心，项目主任 。持有中华人民共和国环境影响评价工程师职业资格证书、中华人民共和国法律职业资格证书、清洁生产审核师证书。全国环境损害司法鉴定机构登记评审专家库（国家库）专家。主持国家自然科学基金、国家社科基金重点项目子课题等省部级科研项目和国际合作项目10余项。
张一心，男，博士，副教授。长期从事环境保护相关的研究与实践工作。自2009年起任教于内蒙古大学环境与资源学院，主要讲授环境规划学、环境管理学和环境科学与工程专业英语等课程。担任国际知名期刊的编辑委员（Environmental Impact Assessment Review）；担任国际知名期刊审稿人（Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, Journal of Cleaner Production, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, etc.），中国环境科学学会高级会员，内蒙古自治区标准化专家和内蒙古自治区气象学会理事。主要研究领域为区域可持续发展、环境规划与管理和环境评价，已主持、参与省部级科研项目和国际合作项目8项。
Chapter 1 Administration on Environmental Management 1
1.1 The History of the MEE 1
1.2 Structure and Functions of the MEE 3
Chapter 2 Evolution of China’s Environmental Policy 7
2.1 In the 1970s: The Principles of National Environmental Protection 7
2.2 In the 1980s: The Principles of Three-Simultaneity and Three-Unification 8
2.3 In the 1990s: Sustainable Development 9
2.4 In the 2000s: Scientific Outlook on Development 10
2.5 In the 2010s: Ecological Civilization 12
2.6 Concluding Remarks 14
Reference 15
Chapter 3 Environmental Planning 17
3.1 The Development of Environmental Planning 17
3.2 Environmental Protection and the Plan of National Economic and Social Development 21
3.2.1 Environmental Protection During the 6th FYP (1981–1985) 23
3.2.2 Environmental Protection During the 7th FYP (1986–1990) 24
3.2.3 Environmental Protection During the 8th FYP (1991–1995) 25
3.2.4 Environmental Protection During the 9th FYP (1996–2000) 25
3.2.5 Environmental Protection During the 10th FYP (2001–2005) 26
3.2.6 Environmental Protection During the 11th FYP (2006–2010) 28
3.2.7 Environmental Protection During the 12th FYP (2011–2015) 29
3.2.8 Ecological and Environmental Protection During the 13th FYP (2016–2020) 30
3.3 The Coordination and Integration of Multiple Plans 31
References 34
Chapter 4 Environmental Impact Assessment 35
4.1 The Concept and Principles of EIA 35
4.2 The Development of EIA Globally 36
4.3 The Development of EIA in China 37
4.3.1 Initial Phase (1973–1978) 37
4.3.2 Early Implementation Phase (1979–1989) 37
4.3.3 Improvement Phase (1990–2002) 39
4.3.4 Breakthrough Phase (2003–2014) 41
4.3.5 Reform (2015–Date) 42
4.4 The Legal Framework of EIA in China 43
4.5 EIA for Project (Project EIA) 45
4.5.1 Categorization for Project EIA 46
4.5.2 Process for Project EIA 46
4.5.3 Documentation for Project EIA 46
4.5.4 Public Participation in Project EIA 48
4.5.5 Review and Decision on the EIA Documents 49
4.5.6 EIA Follow-up for Construction Project 52
4.6 Regional EIA (REIA) 53
4.7 EIA for Plan (PEIA) 54
4.7.1 Applicable Scope of PEIA 54
4.7.2 Roles and Responsibilities 55
4.7.3 Approaches and Requirements of PEIA 56
4.7.4 Public Participation in PEIA 56
4.7.5 Submission and Review of the PEIA Documents 58
4.7.6 Approval of Plan 58
4.7.7 EIA Follow-up for Plan 58
4.8 Certificate System of EIA Consultancy (Revoked in 2018) 59
4.9 Management of Qualified EIA Practitioners 60
4.10 Prospects of EIA in China 61
References 62
Chapter 5 Three Synchronizations System 63
5.1 The Development of the Three Synchronizations System 63
5.2 The Requirements of the Three Synchronizations System 66
5.2.1 Synchronous Design 66
5.2.2 Synchronous Construction 67
5.2.3 Synchronous Operation 67
5.2.4 Roles and Responsibilities 67
5.2.5 The Violation 68
References 68
Chapter 6 Emissions Charges System and Environmental Protection Tax System 69
6.1 Development of the Emissions Charges System 69
6.2 The Content of the Emissions Charges System 72
6.2.1 The Payer 72
6.2.2 Category and Amount of Pollutant Emission 72
6.2.3 Category of the Emissions Charges 72
6.2.4 Charge Rates 73
6.2.5 Collection and Utilizations of the Emissions Charges 73
6.3 The Environmental Protection Tax System 75
6.3.1 Who Pays the Environmental Protection Tax 80
6.3.2 Items Subject to the Environmental Protection Tax 80
6.3.3 Basis and Rate of the Environmental Protection Tax 82
6.3.4 Preferential Policy 83
6.3.5 Monitoring and Enforcement 83
References 84
Chapter 7 Target Responsibility System of Environmental Protection and Performance Evaluation System 85
7.1 The Formation and Development of the Target Responsibility System of Environmental Protection 85
7.2 Targets of Environmental Protection and Indicators Setting 88
7.3 Target Setting 88
7.4 Performance Evaluation 88
7.5 Shared Responsibility of Ecological and Environmental Protection for Government and Party 90
7.6 The Audit of Natural Resources Assets for Leading Cadres While Leaving Office 92
References 93
Chapter 8 Centralized Pollution Control System 95
8.1 Centralized Heating in Urban Areas 96
8.2 Centralized Pollution Control of Wastewater 97
8.3 Centralized Pollution Control of Municipal Solid Waste 100
8.3.1 Landfill 101
8.3.2 Incineration 101
References 103
Chapter 9 Emission Reporting, Registration and Permit System 105
9.1 The Formation and Development of the Emission Permit System 105
9.2 Implementation Process of the Emission Reporting, Registration, and Permit System 108
9.2.1 Reporting and Registering Pollutant Emission 108
9.2.2 Verifying Pollutant Emission 108
9.2.3 Issuing the Emission Permit 108
9.2.4 Supervision and Management for the Emission Permit 109
9.3 Essentials of the Emission Permit System 109
9.3.1 Who Shall Apply for the Emission Permit 109
9.3.2 An Integrated Emission Permit 109
9.3.3 Procedure to Apply for the Emission Permit 109
9.3.4 Conditions for Obtaining an Emission Permit 110
9.3.5 Evaluate and Determine the Allowable Emission Based on EIA Results 110
9.3.6 Self-reporting and Self-monitoring 110
9.3.7 Information Disclosure and Public Supervision 111
9.3.8 Enforcement and Responsibilities 111
9.4 Pilot Program of Emissions Trading System 113
References 114
Chapter 10 Emissions Cap System 115
10.1 Establishment and Development of the Emissions Cap System 115
10.2 Objective Classifications of Emissions Cap 119
10.2.1 Emissions Cap Based on Environmental Capacity 119
10.2.2 Emissions Cap Based on Environmental Target 119
10.2.3 Emissions Cap Based on Previous Emissions 120
10.2.4 Emissions Cap Based on Cost Benefit Analysis 120
10.3 Pollutants Classification of Emissions Cap 120
10.3.1 Emissions Cap of Water Pollutants 121
10.3.2 Emissions Cap of Air Pollutants 121
10.3.3 Emissions Cap of Pollutants Discharged into the Sea 122
10.4 Measures of Emissions Cap 122
10.4.1 Evaluations on the Emissions Cap System During the 11th FYP 122
10.4.2 Target Setting 124
10.4.3 Verification and Auditing 124
10.5 Final Remarks 125
References 126
Chapter 11 Joint Pollution Prevention and Control 127
11.1 The Need for Joint Air Pollution Prevention and Control 127
11.2 Key Regions and Key Points of Joint Air Pollution Prevention and Control 129
11.3 Key Tasks of Joint Air Pollution Prevention and Control 129
11.3.1 Optimizing the Regional Industrial Structure and Layout 129
11.3.2 Intensifying the Extent of Pollution Prevention and Control on Key Pollutants 130
11.3.3 Promoting the Comprehensive Utilization of Clean Energy 131
11.3.4 Intensifying Pollution Prevention and Control of Motor Vehicles 133
11.3.5 Improving the Regional Air Quality Monitoring System 134
References 135
Chapter 12 Public Participation and Environmental Information Disclosure 137
12.1 Legislative Process of Public Participation in Environmental Management 137
12.2 Channels of Public Participation in Environmental Management 141
12.3 Other Means of Public Participation in Environmental Management 143
12.4 Environmental Information Disclosure 146
References 149
Chapter 13 Restraining Redlines System of Ecological and Environmental Protection 151
13.1 The Initiation and Development 151
13.2 Practices of Redline in Resources and Environment 153
13.2.1 Cultivated Land Redline 153
13.2.2 Water Resource Redline 154
13.2.3 Emission Cap Redline 155
13.3 Framework Design for Redline in Resources and Environment 155
13.3.1 Upper Limit of Resource Consumption (Resource Consumption Cap) 156
13.3.2 Bottom Line of Environmental Quality (Environmental Quality Baseline) 157
13.3.3 Ecological Protection Redline 158
References 158
Chapter 14 Compensation for Environmental Damage 161
14.1 International Experience 162
14.1.1 In the United States 162
14.1.2 In the European Union 163
14.2 Necessity 163
14.3 Related Policies 164
14.3.1 Scope of Application 165
14.3.2 Scope of Compensation 165
14.3.3 Claimant to Compensation 165
References 166
Chapter 15 Cleaner Production 167
15.1 Initiation 168
15.2 Legal System Development 168
15.2.1 The Beginning Stage (1973–1992) 168
15.2.2 The Legalization Stage (1993–2002) 169
15.2.3 The Institutionalization Stage (2003–2005) 170
15.2.4 The Perfection Stage (2006 to Date) 170
15.3 Capacity Building 171
15.3.1 Institution Development 171
15.3.2 Professional Training 174
15.3.3 Guidelines and Standards 175
15.4 Mandatory Cleaner Production Audit 175
15.5 Recommendations for Promoting CP Development in China 177
15.6 Conclusions 179
References 179
Chapter 16 Ecological Compensation 181
16.1 Introduction 181
16.2 Development of ECMs 182
16.3 Financial Sources for ECM in China 184
16.3.1 Financial Transfer Payment 184
16.3.2 Special Funds 186
16.3.3 Resource Taxation System 186
16.3.4 Payments for Ecological Compensation 187
16.4 Major Ecological Engineering Projects in China 188
16.4.1 Three-North Project 188
16.4.2 Natural Forest Protection 189
16.4.3 Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources Governance 189
16.4.4 Returning Farmland to Forest/Grassland 189
16.4.5 Returning Rangeland to Forest/Grassland 190
16.5 ECM for Sector 190
16.5.1 ECM for Forest 190
16.5.2 ECM for Coal Mining 194
16.5.3 ECM for Grassland 197
16.6 ECM at Local Level 198
16.6.1 ECM for the Three Rivers Source District, Qinghai Province 198
16.6.2 ECM for Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province 199
16.6.3 ECM for Nature Reserves, Hainan Province 199
16.6.4 The ECM for Natural Resource Utilization, Sichuan Province 200
16.6.5 The ECM for Watershed Conservation, Yunnan Province 200
16.7 Conclusions 202
References 202
Chapter 17 Air Quality Governance in China 205
17.1 General Features of Air Pollution 205
17.2 Legal Institution and System 206
17.3 Process of Development 209
17.3.1 Phase I: Legal Institution Management for Air Pollution Control on Soot (from 1979 to 1997) 210
17.3.2 Phase II: Exploring Unified Regional Air Pollution Prevention and Control for Emerging Compound Pollution (from 1998 to 2012) 212
17.3.3 Phase III: Integrating Unified Regional Air Pollution Prevention and Control for Compound Pollution (from 2013 to Date) 214
17.4 Evaluations and Prospects 217
References 218
Chapter 18 Water Quality Governance in China 219
18.1 Water Resources in China 219
18.2 Water Pollution in China 221
18.3 Laws and Regulations on Water Pollution Prevention and Control 223
18.4 Water Management in China 225
18.5 Progress 229
References 231
Chapter 19 Land Resources Governance in China 233
19.1 Land Resources in China 233
19.2 Land Resources Protection 235
19.3 Land Resources Degradation and Land Pollution in China 236
19.3.1 Land Degradation 236
19.3.2 Land Pollution 236
19.3.3 Overall Spatial Distribution of Soil Pollution 237
19.3.4 Status Quo of Soil Pollution of Various Types of Land 237
19.4 Laws and Regulations on Land Pollution Prevention and Control 238
19.5 Challenges and Countermeasures 244
19.5.1 Challenges 244
19.5.2 Countermeasures 245
References 249
Comparison Tables 251
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