西班牙语句法中有以天气结构和存现结构为代表的无人称结构，本书以这两种结构为研究对象并进行西汉对比，旨在给予无人称这一话题更充分的阐释和更全面的讨论，一定程度上回应了学界对空主语问题的争议，并且弥补了该领域西汉对比研究的空白。此外，本书为西班牙语及汉语作为第二外语的教学实践提供了依据，具有较高的实用价值和指导教学实践的意义。在本书研究的基础上，可开展相关语法现象的西汉对比，值得语言学及相关领域的研究者、教师和学生参考。

刘奕彤，马德里康普顿斯大学语言学博士，现任中国人民大学外国语学院西班牙语系讲师。主要研究领域包括生成语言学、语料库语言学、二语教学，曾在国内外学术刊物上发表多篇论文。近年来主要教授《基础西班牙语》、《高级西班牙语》、《西班牙语语法》、《西班牙语阅读》等课程，主持中国人民大学科学研究基金项目一项。

Capítulo 1 El concepto de sujeto y sus características···········································································001
1.1 Introducción ··········································································· 001
1.2 La definición del sujeto en espa?ol y en chino ································· 002
1.2.1 La definición del sujeto en espa?ol ··········································· 002
1.2.2 La definición del sujeto en chino ············································· 006
1.3 Características del sujeto sintáctico en espa?ol y en chino ················· 011
1.3.1 Características del sujeto sintáctico en espa?ol ···························· 011
1.3.1.1 Sujeto como función “sustantiva”·······················································012
1.3.1.2 Concordancia ··············································································014
1.3.1.3 Posición del sujeto ········································································014
1.3.1.4 Omisión del sujeto ········································································018
1.3.2 Características del sujeto sintáctico en chino································· 021
1.3.2.1 Sujeto y categoría gramatical ···························································021
1.3.2.1.1 Categoría sustantiva como sujetos ·············································023
1.3.2.1.2 Categoría predicativa como sujetos ··························································031
1.3.2.2 Posición del sujeto ········································································037
1.3.2.3 Omisión del sujeto ········································································041
1.3.3 Resumen parcial ································································· 048
1.4 El tema y su relación con sujeto sintáctico en espa?ol y en chino ················ 049
1.4.1 El tema y su relación con el sujeto sintáctico en espa?ol······························049
1.4.2 El tema y su relación con sujeto sintáctico en chino ························ 053
1.5 Algunas consideraciones sobre el sujeto semántico ······························ 062
1.6 ?Qué es una oración impersonal?·················································· 068
1.6.1 En espa?ol ········································································ 068
1.6.2 En chino ··········································································· 071
1.7 Recapitulación ········································································ 081
Capítulo 2 Los predicados de fenómenos naturales ·········································································083
2.1 Introducción ·········································································· 083
2.2 Predicados de fenómenos naturales en espa?ol ································ 084
2.2.1 Estructuras básicas de predicados de fenómenos naturales en
espa?ol ············································································ 085
2.2.2 Análisis gramaticales···························································· 092
2.2.2.1 El sujeto gramatical de los predicados de fenómenos naturales····················093
2.2.2.2 La función de los locativos ·····························································098
2.2.2.3 La expansión argumental de llover y amanecer···················································105
2.2.2.4 Resumen parcial ··········································································110
2.2.3 Propuesta de análisis de los verbos de fenómenos naturales en espa?ol··111
2.2.3.1 Nuestra propuesta en síntesis····························································111
2.2.3.2 Los locativos/ temporales como argumento externo ·································114
2.2.3.2.1 Los locativos ···························································································114
2.2.3.2.2 Los temporales ························································································117
2.2.3.2.3 Resumen parcial·······················································································119
2.2.3.3 Predicados simples meteorológicos ···················································122
2.2.3.3.1 Verbos meteorológicos denominales························································123
2.2.3.3.2 Verbos meteorológicos deadjetivales·······················································126
2.2.3.3.3 Resumen parcial ······················································································129
2.2.3.4 Predicados complejos con verbos ligeros··············································130
2.2.3.5 Predicados complejos con copulativos·················································133
2.2.4 Resumen de predicados de fenómenos naturales en espa?ol ·············· 136
2.3 Predicados correspondientes en chino: Comparación con el espa?ol······ 144
2.3.1 Estructuras básicas ······························································ 144
2.3.1.1 Clasificación de las oraciones en chino ···············································144
2.3.1.2 Estructuras básicas de predicados de fenómenos naturales en chino ··············147
2.3.2 Análisis gramaticales ···························· 157
2.3.2.1 La posición de los locativos·····························································158
2.3.2.2 Elementos preverbales en oraciones con predicados verbales ·····················164
2.3.2.4 Función predicativa de los adjetivos y sustantivos ··································177
2.3.3 Propuesta de análisis de los verbos de fenómenos naturales en chino ····················183
2.3.3.1 Nuestra propuesta en síntesis····························································184
2.3.3.2 Los locativos como argumento externo en chino y en espa?ol·······································186
2.3.3.2.1 Los locativos como argumento externo en chino ····································186
2.3.3.2.2 Estructura generativa y comparación con el espa?ol ····························190
2.3.3.3 Predicados verbales en chino Vs. Predicados denominales y los con verbos
ligeros en espa?ol ········································································195
2.3.3.3.1 Predicados verbales como Palabras Separables “V+N”························196
2.3.3.3.2 Estructura generativa y su comparación con el espa?ol ·······················202
2.3.3.4 Predicados adjetivales en chino Vs. Predicados deadjetivales en espa?ol········ 206
2.3.3.5 Predicados adjetivales y nominales en chino Vs. Predicados con verbos
copulativos en espa?ol ··································································212
2.3.4 Resumen ·········································································· 217
2.4 Recapitulación ········································································ 224
Capítulo 3 Los predicados de existencia y aparición ·········································································225
3.1 Introducción ·········································································· 225
3.2 Predicados de existencia y aparición en espa?ol ·························· 226
3.2.1 Estructuras básicas ···································· 227
3.2.2 Análisis gramaticales ································· 232
3.2.2.1 Verbos impersonales y pseudo-impersonales ·········································232
3.2.2.2 El fenómeno de inacusatividad y los locativos ·······································236
3.2.2.3 Efecto de definitud ··························································244
3.2.2.4 Resumen parcial ··········································································248
3.2.3 Nuestra propuesta ······················································· 251
3.2.3.1 Modelos de estructura de existencia y de aparición··································251
3.2.3.2 Locativos y dativos como argumento externo ·······································257
3.2.3.2.1 Los locativos ····························································································257
3.2.3.2.2 Los dativos ······························································································263
3.2.3.3 Argumentos antepuestos y pospuestos ················································269
3.2.4 Resumen de predicados de existencia y aparición en espa?ol············· 273
3.3 Predicados correspondientes en chino: comparación con espa?ol·········· 277
3.3.1 Estructuras básicas ······························································ 278
3.3.1.1 Características y delimitación···························································278
3.3.1.2 Clasificación de oraciones de existencia y aparición en chino ·····················280
3.3.2 Análisis gramaticales···························································· 290
3.3.2.1 Elementos preverbales, los locativos ·················································290
3.3.2.2 La inacusatividad de los predicados de existencia y aparición ····················297
3.3.2.2.1 Inacusatividad de los verbos transitivos en estas oraciones ·················298
3.3.2.2.2 Inacusatividad de los verbos inergativos en estas oraciones ·················303
3.3.3 Nuestra propuesta ····························································· 307
3.3.3.1 Clasificación de los predicados de existencia y de aparición ·······················308
3.3.3.1.1 Verbos de relación····················································································308
3.3.3.1.2 Verbos de acción ······················································································309
3.3.3.1.3. Resumen parcial y propuesta de clasificación········································311
3.3.3.2 Modelos de estructuras de oraciones de existencia y de aparición ······················314
3.3.3.3 Predicados de existencia y su estructura generativa ·································318
3.3.3.3.1 El subtipo de 是shì(ser), 有yǒu(haber/ tener) y su posible omisión ·················318
3.3.3.3.2 El subtipo de “V+有yǒu” ············································································323
3.3.3.3.3 El subtipo de “V+ 着zhe” ·············································································327
3.3.3.4 Predicados de aparición/ desaparición y su estructura generativa ··················331
3.3.4 Resumen de predicados correspondientes en chino ························· 333
3.4 Recapitulación ········································································· 339
Capítulo 4 Conclusiones ·········································································341
4.1 Sobre la sintaxis del chino··························································· 341
4.2 Oraciones con predicados de fenómenos naturales······································· 342
4.3 Oraciones con predicados de existencia y (des)aparición ························· 345
4.4 ?ltimas conclusiones ································································· 348
Bibliografía ·········································································351