从研究与实践的角度,经济外交学(economic diplomacy)偏重理论,经济外交外事实务(foreign economic affairs)则偏重实践。经济外交有一定科学理论的指导,但更多的是务实的外交艺术。这涉及情报和信息技术、心理学和语言学艺术、博弈艺术、程序艺术、礼仪艺术的综合利用。
经济外交,十几年前民众还不由自主地把它归为“国家大事”。然而,在国际相互依赖不断加深的时代,经济化的外交和外交化的经济,已经开始直接与百姓的钱夹、米袋和幸福指数息息相关。这门不久前还是少数学者揣摩的边缘学科,已经成为全球化时代世界公民的生活常识了。
“经济外交”(economic diplomacy and foreign economic affairs)是以经济利益为目的的外交,包括一个国家、单独关税区和各类经济组织为实现对外经济目标而进行的外交外事决策、运筹和实践活动。
经济外交汇集了人类经济缜密和外交机敏两方面高度智慧。随着各国经济一体化的深入发展,单纯的“经济外交”概念已经不能准确描述在全球市场开放和贸易自由化迅速推进的今天,各国之间经济关系的本质特征了。随着反映不同经济主体和经济议题的经济外交形式诸如财金外交、贸易外交、市场外交、产业外交、环境外交、能源外交等概念的逐渐出现,经济外交学科体系已经日渐丰满、规则日渐完善、理论日渐清晰、方向日渐明确。
经济外交也是运用经济手段实现对外政策的外交,包括运用援助、制裁、不同程度的合作与不合作的对外经济交往。
从研究与实践的角度,经济外交学(economic diplomacy)偏重理论,经济外交外事实务(foreign economic affairs)则偏重实践。经济外交有一定科学理论的指导,但更多的是务实的外交艺术。这涉及情报和信息技术、心理学和语言学艺术、博弈艺术、程序艺术、礼仪艺术的综合利用。
至此,对“经济外交事务或实务”可以做如下释义:
“经济”,汉语是“经邦济世”之意,西语的economics本指“生计”“计财”,日本学者最先把economics译为“经济学”,让汉字原来的“经济”本义萎缩了大半。
“外交”,即邦交,是与内政并重的国之大事。外交放大之后就是外事,“外事”为外交之延伸,为广义的涉外事务。与外交相比,外事的主体不仅是中央政府之外事,地方政府、机关、团体、企事业单位等也是外事工作的主体。经济外交的主体比政治、军事、议会要广泛得多。
“事务”或“实务”,实际事务之意,含程序、技巧、办法和艺术。
在市场化、全球化的世界经济格局中,经济类外交外事占各国外事的主导地位。从事经济类外事的常常是整个国家机器。经济外交水平,早已成为衡量各国政府治国水平和政治家素质与政绩的重要标准。中国作为世界第一大贸易国和第二大经济体,经济外交是其外交的重要出发点和目的地。在中国对外多边和双边关系中,经济关系往往是最主要的平衡石和压舱石。
《经济外交事务》是清华大学国际关系学教材之一。围绕经济外交事务开设的课程已有十年之久了,选修这门课程的学生来自清华不同专业。本书是在历年讲义与参考文献的基础上汇集编纂而成。经济外交学科基础知识主要有经济外交理论、经济外交法律、经济外交实务、经济外交历史等。清华大学经济外交研究中心已经出版了《经济外交学教程》(偏重经济外交的理论和研究方法)、《经济外交法》(偏重经济外交的游戏规则)等教程。这次出版的《经济外交事务》更偏重经济外交的实践、运作和程序等事务性内容,更具操作性和实用性。有兴趣的同学,可以从经济外交众多专题的研究中找到经济外交理念的延伸、理论的突破和方法的创新。
何茂春2016 年7 月
目录
第一章 经济外交战略 ·······························································1
第一节经济外交战略的制定与实施·····································2
第二节经济外交之形象战略··············································8
第三节经济外交之发展战略·············································15
第四节经济外交之安全战略·············································25
第二章 经济外交决策咨询与信息情报的运用 ··························31
第一节经济外交决策与政策咨询机制·································32
第二节经济外交调研 ······················································40
第三节经济外交的情报与情报战·······································44
第四节经济外交工作中的保密常识····································46
第三章 经济外交的决策与执行 ················································51
第一节经济外交决策程序················································52
第二节经济外交的主要执行主体·······································58
第三节决策与执行的保障机制··········································62
第四章 多边经济外交事务 ·······················································79
第一节多边经济外交的作用和运作特点······························80
第二节国际会议外交 ······················································84
第五章双边经济外交事务·······················································95
第一节双边经济外交的地位与作用····································96
第二节促进双边经贸······················································99
第三节保障双边投资···················································· 103
第四节经济援助·························································· 107
第五节经济制裁···························································113
第六节机制化的双边经济外交互动·································· 120
第六章经济外交争端与解决················································· 125
第一节 WTO 争端解决机制············································ 126
第二节“两反一保”的应对措施····································· 138
第三节外交保护的价值················································· 151
第七章经济外交谈判一般程序与规则··································· 155
第一节经济外交谈判概述·············································· 156
第二节经济外交谈判的准备工作····································· 161
第三节正式谈判阶段的工作安排····································· 169
第四节谈判成果及其落实·············································· 182
第八章经济外交谈判策略之心理学的运用···························· 187
第一节谈判心理学的研究发展概述·································· 188
第二节经济外交谈判的心理分析····································· 195
第三节经济外交谈判的心理训练····································· 205
第九章经济外交谈判策略之博弈原理····································211
第一节妥协与对抗的策略·············································· 212
第二节双层博弈理论的解释··········································· 217
第三节讨价还价的模型················································· 225
第四节多边经济外交谈判的博弈分析······························· 230
第十章经济外交语言···························································· 235
第一节英语是经济外交的主要工作语言···························· 236
第二节经济外交语言运用的艺术····································· 243
第十一章经济外交的媒体公关与危机处理································ 261
第一节舆论导向对经济外交的影响·································· 262
第二节政府主导下的媒体公关与危机处理························· 265
第三节企业的涉外媒体公关··········································· 272
第四节媒体在经济外交工作中的责任······························· 277
第十二章经济外交礼仪与外事工作程序··································· 283
第一节经济外交礼仪的特点··········································· 284
第二节经济外交活动中的礼仪规范·································· 289
第三节经济外事工作流程·············································· 296
第十三章中国经济外交的成就与政策······································· 307
第一节中国1978 年以来经济外交的成就·························· 308
第二节中国兑现“入世”承诺········································ 316
第三节中国的经济外交政策··········································· 324
第十四章地方、企业经济外事实务·········································· 341
第一节地方经济外交外事·············································· 342
第二节民间机构的经济外事活动····································· 346