数字经济是我国当前发展的重要方向。新型基础设施旨在为社会经济发展提供新动力和新能源，是数字经济发展的基础。新型基础设施的创新之处在于，深度融合了物联网、5G 移动通信、人工智能、大数据、云计算等信息技术的新兴领域，作为核心技术共同形成新一代信息基础设施的有力支撑，可以充分发挥IT技术对数字经济发展的加速、赋能和催化等作用，通过网络汇聚和平台集成等效应，逐步形成新的产业生态体系。建设物联网新型基础设施，是我国推动产业优化升级和企业数字化转型的重要手段。本书共12 章，在阐述我国信息基础设施的建设发展历程的基础上，首先分析了物联网在新型基础设施建设中的作用，提出我国物联网的产业发展现状与面临的机遇和挑战，对物联网新型基础设施建设与5G、大数据和人工智能等新兴技术的融合及存在的主要问题进行了介绍，并论述了物联网新型基础设施建设与工业互联网和数字孪生之间的关系，最后给出物联网新型基础设施建设政策与实施案例。

张晖，工学博士，正高级高级工程师，中国电子技术标准化研究院技术总监，国家物联网基础标准工作组原秘书长，国家物联网发展专家咨询委员会委员。作为项目负责人牵头承担多项“新一代宽带无线通信网”国家科技重大专项、工信部智能制造和工业互联网专项及科技部863等重大课题的研究工作。牵头编写了国家工信部《物联网十三五发展规划》和发改委《关于促进物联网健康有序发展的指导意见》等多项政策规划文件。主办或参与信息技术设备、网络技术等上百项国家和行业标准的制修订。曾获得中国标准创新贡献奖二等奖、中国电子学会科学技术奖三等奖和军队科技进步奖三等奖等奖项。在国内外权威学报和核心期刊发表论文三十余篇，出版《物联网技术标准化概述》、《大数据环境下的物联网系统》等专著。

第1 章 从基础设施建设到新型基础设施建设···················································.1
1.1 传统意义上的基础设施·······················································································.1
1.1.1 基础设施与基础设施建设···········································································.1
1.1.2 基础设施建设的经济学特征········································································.2
1.2 新型基础设施的内涵··························································································.4
1.3 新基建相关政策的时间脉络·················································································.5
1.4 新基建的特点和时代背景····················································································.7
1.5 新基建到底新在何处··························································································.9
1.6 本章小结·········································································································10
第2 章 我国信息基础设施的建设发展历程·····················································.11
2.1 新基建与信息基础设施的关系··············································································11
2.2 国家信息基础设施的提出····················································································12
2.3 我国信息基础设施的建设历程··············································································13
2.4 我国信息基础设施建设与国际水平的差距·······························································16
2.5 本章小结·········································································································17
第3 章 物联网在新型基础设施建设中的作用··················································.18
3.1 物联网是新基建的核心要素·················································································18
3.2 物联网建立新基建的能力支撑··············································································19
3.3 物联网构筑工业互联网的发展根基········································································21
3.4 物联网改变数据中心的运营方式···········································································21
3.5 物联网引领5G 通信的发展方向···········································································23
3.6 物联网提供人工智能所需要的实时数据··································································25
3.7 物联网带来基础设施安全的全新挑战·····································································26
3.8 本章小结·········································································································27
第4 章 物联网产业发展的挑战与机遇···························································.29
4.1 物联网概念演化与内涵解析·················································································29
4.1.1 物联网概念的起源····················································································29
4.1.2 物联网定义的形成····················································································30
4.2 物联网产业的发展历程·······················································································32
4.2.1 射频识别产业的兴起·················································································33
4.2.2 传感器及智能终端产业的发展·····································································34
4.2.3 网络通信产业的发展·················································································35
4.2.4 物联网中的数据处理·················································································36
4.2.5 物联网云平台的应用·················································································37
4.3 物联网系统与大数据技术深度融合········································································38
4.3.1 联网设备带来数据量的急剧增长··································································38
4.3.2 物联网系统中大数据的特征········································································39
4.3.3 物联网系统专用的大数据处理平台·······························································40
4.3.4 工业物联网应用与大数据的融合··································································42
4.4 人工智能时代物联网面临的挑战与机遇··································································44
4.4.1 物联网发展面临的主要挑战········································································44
4.4.2 物联网将迈入全智能化的新阶段··································································46
4.5 本章小结·········································································································49
第5 章 物联网技术体系架构与参考模型························································.50
5.1 体系架构概述···································································································50
5.2 物联网的技术体系架构·······················································································52
5.2.1 总体技术体系架构····················································································52
5.2.2 感知技术································································································52
5.2.3 网络技术································································································53
5.2.4 支撑平台································································································54
5.2.5 应用技术································································································54
5.2.6 公共技术································································································55
5.3 物联网系统的概念模型·······················································································57
5.3.1 概念模型的总体构成·················································································57
5.3.2 域的描述及关联关系·················································································57
5.4 物联网系统的功能体系架构·················································································59
5.4.1 系统功能实体构成····················································································59
5.4.2 功能实体简要描述····················································································60
5.4.3 系统部署参考视图····················································································61
5.5 物联网系统的通信参考架构·················································································62
5.5.1 通信功能实体构成····················································································62
5.5.2 通信功能实体描述····················································································63
5.5.3 通信网络参考视图····················································································64
5.6 物联网系统的数据参考架构·················································································65
5.6.1 数据功能实体构成····················································································65
5.6.2 数据功能实体描述····················································································66
5.7 物联网系统的应用体系架构·················································································66
5.7.1 角色、子角色和活动·················································································66
5.7.2 六域模型映射关系····················································································70
5.7.3 物联网系统应用实例·················································································71
5.8 物联网系统的安全参考模型·················································································71
5.9 本章小结·········································································································73
第6 章 物联网数据采集基础设施构成···························································.74
6.1 数据采集基础设施概述·······················································································74
6.2 传感器——从单器件到智能化··············································································77
6.2.1 传感器相关概念·······················································································77
6.2.2 传感器的分类··························································································78
6.2.3 传感器的技术发展····················································································80
6.2.4 传感器的硬件组成和工作原理·····································································85
6.3 二维条码——从堆叠式到矩阵式···········································································89
6.3.1 二维条码相关概念····················································································89
6.3.2 二维条码的主要技术·················································································91
6.3.3 二维条码的识别过程·················································································93
6.3.4 二维条码的主要国际标准···········································································97
6.3.5 二维条码标准参数比较···········································································.105
6.4 射频识别——从低频到超高频···········································································.108
6.4.1 射频识别相关概念·················································································.108
6.4.2 射频识别技术的发展··············································································.110
6.4.3 射频识别的硬件组成和工作原理·······························································.113
6.5 物联网感知数据的采集过程··············································································.116
6.5.1 使用传感器进行数据采集········································································.116
6.5.2 感知数据的传输与组网···········································································.118
6.6 物联网感知数据的融合过程··············································································.121
6.6.1 信息融合的必要性·················································································.121
6.6.2 信息融合概念模型·················································································.123
6.6.3 各级信息融合过程·················································································.124
6.6.4 物联网系统中的信息融合········································································.133
6.6.5 物联网信息融合的发展趋势·····································································.135
6.7 本章小结······································································································.136
第7 章 支撑物联网应用的5G 通信基础设施·················································.137
7.1 移动通信技术的发展历程·················································································.137
7.1.1 第一代移动通信系统（1G） ····································································.137
7.1.2 第二代移动通信系统（2G） ····································································.138
7.1.3 第三代移动通信系统（3G） ····································································.140
7.1.4 第四代移动通信系统（4G） ····································································.141
7.2 5G 的应用需求和发展愿景···············································································.143
7.2.1 物联网引领5G 的应用需求·····································································.143
7.2.2 物联网主导5G 的发展愿景·····································································.145
7.2.3 5G 相对4G 的关键指标提升····································································.146
7.3 5G 的标准和产业发展·····················································································.148
7.4 5G 的关键技术突破························································································.151
7.4.1 基于NFV 和SDN 的网络架构··································································.152
7.4.2 设备到设备（D2D）通信········································································.155
7.4.3 多输入多输出（MIMO） ········································································.159
7.4.4 超密集组网（UDN） ·············································································.163
7.4.5 移动边缘计算（MEC） ··········································································.167
7.4.6 非正交多址接入（NOMA） ····································································.172
7.4.7 网络切片（Network Slice） ·····································································.174
7.5 5G 的窄带蜂窝物联网技术···············································································.178
7.5.1 窄带物联网（NB-IoT） ··········································································.178
7.5.2 增强型机器类型通信（eMTC）································································.181
7.5.3 NB-IoT 与eMTC 的应用互补和选择竞争····················································.183
7.6 本章小结······································································································.186
第8 章 具有物联网时代特征的大数据中心···················································.187
8.1 大数据中心的起源和发展·················································································.187
8.1.1 数据中心的起源····················································································.187
8.1.2 大数据中心建设重要性分析·····································································.188
8.1.3 新基建推动大数据中心发展·····································································.189
8.2 物联网系统中的大数据特征与架构·····································································.192
8.2.1 物联网大数据特征·················································································.192
8.2.2 物联网大数据分析平台逻辑架构·······························································.193
8.3 物联网系统中的大数据管理··············································································.195
8.3.1 物联网大数据云平台的数据处理·······························································.195
8.3.2 物联网大数据存储与管理········································································.196
8.3.3 分布式文件系统关键技术········································································.198
8.4 大数据中心建设的物联网应用需求·····································································.201
8.4.1 数据中心建设安全分级标准·····································································.201
8.4.2 数据中心需要控制的物理环境要素····························································.201
8.4.3 基于物联网的数据中心环境运维方式·························································.203
8.5 本章小结······································································································.209
第9 章 人工智能助推物联网系统的智能化演进·············································.210
9.1 人工智能的发展历程·······················································································.210
9.1.1 人工智能的概念内涵··············································································.210
9.1.2 人工智能的技术发展历程········································································.211
9.1.3 人工智能的特征与技术框架·····································································.213
9.1.4 人工智能涉及的关键技术········································································.215
9.2 人工智能技术与物联网的融合···········································································.218
9.2.1 大数据是人工智能的基石········································································.218
9.2.2 人工智能是物联网的大脑········································································.219
9.2.3 人工智能技术与物联网的融合应用····························································.220
9.3 智能物联网的发展前景展望··············································································.221
9.3.1 协同智能化的物联网系统········································································.221
9.3.2 服务智能化的物联网系统········································································.222
9.4 人工智能的典型应用——自动驾驶汽车·······························································.223
9.4.1 自动驾驶汽车的技术现状········································································.223
9.4.2 自动驾驶汽车的发展趋势········································································.227
9.5 物联网的典型应用——智能交通物联网·······························································.228
9.5.1 从车联网到智能交通物联网·····································································.228
9.5.2 智能交通物联网的应用前景·····································································.229
9.6 智能交通物联网与自动驾驶汽车的协同·······························································.232
9.6.1 车网知识协同的优势··············································································.232
9.6.2 车网知识协同体系架构···········································································.232
9.6.3 基于智能交通物联网环境的自动驾驶汽车发展展望·······································.235
9.7 本章小结······································································································.235
第10 章 基于物联网底座构建工业互联网应用··············································.236
10.1 工业互联网的前世今生··················································································.236
10.1.1 从消费互联网到产业互联网···································································.236
10.1.2 工业互联网的起源与历程······································································.238
10.1.3 各国先进制造战略发展背景···································································.240
10.2 GE 和IIC 的工业互联网发展困局·····································································.244
10.2.1 GE 工业互联网的兴起与挫折·································································.244
10.2.2 工业互联网联盟的困境与转型································································.246
10.3 物联网支撑中国工业互联网发展······································································.247
10.3.1 工业互联网相关产业政策······································································.247
10.3.2 工业互联网的技术体系架构···································································.249
10.3.3 工业互联网应用的物联网底座································································.256
10.4 工业互联网与工业4.0 的碰撞交流····································································.261
10.5 工业互联网落地实施的待解问题······································································.264
10.5.1 跨行业、跨专业工业机理存在知识壁垒····················································.265
10.5.2 标识体系标准不一，缺少核心价值··························································.267
10.6 本章小结····································································································.271
第11 章 物联网架起通往数字孪生世界的桥梁···············································.272
11.1 数字孪生的发展背景·····················································································.272
11.2 数字孪生的概念与内涵··················································································.274
11.2.1 数字孪生的术语定义············································································.274
11.2.2 数字孪生的典型特征············································································.275
11.2.3 与相近概念的联系和区别······································································.275
11.3 数字孪生的技术体系·····················································································.278
11.3.1 数字孪生参考模型···············································································.278
11.3.2 数字孪生技术架构···············································································.280
11.3.3 数字孪生的主要支撑技术······································································.283
11.4 物联网建立虚实世界之间的连接·······························································.284
11.5 本章小结····································································································.286
第12 章 物联网新型基础设施建设政策与实施案例········································.287
12.1 《物联网新型基础设施建设三年行动计划（2021—2023 年）》解读···························.287
12.1.1 行动计划出台背景···············································································.287
12.1.2 行动计划主要内容···············································································.288
12.2 智能安防物联网新基建案例············································································.291
12.2.1 案例概况···························································································.291
12.2.2 案例技术方案·····················································································.292
12.2.3 创新点和实施效果···············································································.293
12.3 智慧燃气物联网新基建案例············································································.298
12.3.1 案例概况···························································································.298
12.3.2 案例技术方案·····················································································.299
12.3.3 创新点和实施效果···············································································.301
12.4 智能电网物联网监测新基建案例······································································.303
12.4.1 案例概况···························································································.303
12.4.2 案例技术方案·····················································································.304
12.4.3 创新点和实施效果···············································································.306
12.5 智能交通车路协同新基建案例·········································································.307
12.5.1 案例概况···························································································.307
12.5.2 案例技术方案·····················································································.308
12.5.3 创新点和实施效果···············································································.312
12.6 本章小结····································································································.314